协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

棉秆/聚丙烯薄膜定向复合板的制备工艺优化

为了有效利用棉秆资源,该文以长棉秆束为基体,以等规聚丙烯薄膜为填充材料,热压制备了棉秆/聚丙烯薄膜定向复合板。采用单因素和正交试验分析了薄膜质量分数、热压温度、热压时间和密度对复合板力学和吸水性能的影响,得到较优热压工艺参数为:薄膜质量分数15%,热压温度185℃,热压时间15 min,密度0.7 g/cm3。在此条件下,复合板的静曲强度为60.60 MPa,弹性模量为5074.4 MPa,内结合强度为1.48 MPa,吸水厚度膨胀率为2.53%。用扫描电子显微镜观察到复合板中棉秆纤维和塑料薄膜接合界面存在机械互锁结构。该研究可为有效利用农作物秸秆制备定向复合板提供参考。     

基于Radarsat-2影像的复杂种植结构下旱地作物识别

为提高基于Radarsat-2旱地作物识别的精度,该文研究了一种复杂种植结构背景下具有共同生长期作物的识别方法。研究区为一个12 km×12 km的样方,位于内蒙古上库力农场额很队,以春小麦、油菜2种共同生长期作物为识别对象,利用Spot-6影像和Radarsat-2影像,在数据预处理的基础上分析研究区内典型地物样本的后向散射系数在不同极化波段上的变化特征,根据该变化特征设计图像增强算法,然后基于图像增强后的影像设定合理的阈值实现作物识别提取。结果表明：该方法准确识别并有效提取了共同生长期作物春小麦和油菜的种植面积,总体精度达到97%,Kappa系数为0.96。该方法简便、快捷、可靠,为春小麦、油菜等旱地共同生长期作物种植面积提取提供重要的科学技术支撑。     

主要生态因子对火炬松生长的影响

分析主要生态因子对火炬松生长的影响,结果表明：立地类型、海拔高度、坡度对火炬松的胸径、树高、单株材积、单位面积蓄积量等,均有极显著的影响;土壤的腐殖质、速N、速P含量与火炬松胸径、树高的生长密切相关,从而影响了单株材积和单位面积蓄积;土壤K含量对火炬松生长没有影响;年降水量、2～7月份的降水量对火炬松的胸径、树高生长有明显的影响,年积温对胸径生长有明显影响,对树高生长没有影响。     

能源植物乌桕杂种苗期形态与光合特性及分子鉴别

随着化石能源的日益枯竭,发展以生物柴油为代表的可再生生物质能源,对缓解能源紧张和保障能源安全具有十分重要的意义。乌桕是生物柴油的优质原料树种,但中国乌桕产量普遍较低。因此,开展高产乌桕品种选育相关研究具有十分重要的意义。笔者以大悟县优良地方乌桕品种葡萄桕（py）,鸡爪桕（jy）及其杂种（hy）为材料,对它们的形态学特征...     

Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.     

环境因素对风箱果种子萌发的影响

以风箱果自然成熟的种子为研究对象,对影响种子萌发的环境因素进行了研究.结果表明:种子属于需光性种子,光照能够促进种子萌发.在10～25℃条件下,种子均能萌发,以20℃发芽率最高[(78.33±1.67)%],萌发速度最快[(23.61±2.29)%];播种深度显著影响种子的出苗率(P<0.01),不覆土(O cm)出苗率高达(68.33±6.01)%;超过0.5 cm,出苗率显著降低,2 cm时出苗率为O;种子在土壤中萌发时,土壤的适宜含水量为40%,此时出苗最快[(15.44±0.15)%],出苗率最高[(51.67±1.67)%],幼苗的死亡率也较低[(16.67±8.82)%].自然条件下,温度不是种子萌发的限制因子,影响风箱果种子萌发和幼苗成功定居的关键因子是土壤含水量、光照以及播种深度.     

榆叶梅等3种园林灌木的蒸腾特性

在利用LI-6400便携式光合系统测定分析阿克苏市3种园林灌木榆叶梅、红瑞木、紫穗槐蒸腾速率日变化、月变化特征的基础上,研究了光照强度、大气温度、大气相对湿度、大气水势、气孔导度、叶温下蒸汽压亏缺对蒸腾速率的影响,并进行相关性分析,建立了逐步回归模型。结果表明:3种灌木的蒸腾速率日变化均呈早晚低、中午高的单峰曲线,3种灌木蒸腾速率的大小为榆叶梅>红瑞木>紫穗槐,这与自由水含量的高低顺序一致。蒸腾速率的月变化为7月最高,5月和9月较低。水分利用效率的日变化曲线表现为早晨低、中午高、下午降低、傍晚又升高的特点,在生长季节,月变化为5月份最高,7月份最低。在影响蒸腾速率的各因子中,与之相关性最大的为光照强度,相关系数达到0.960,进行逐步回归分析后,3个模型都只含有光照强度一个因子。     

超干种子老化方法比较研究

本试验种用谷子、绿豆，经４０℃及４５℃，湿度ＲＨ＝９５％－１００％老化６天及５天。然后测各含水量的５项活力指标。经生物统计表明：谷子４０℃，４５℃二处理间差异显著，且４０℃高温老化６天时间，在不同含水量的组合上，除含水量０．８５％外，其余二因子组合均优于４５℃老化６天的不同含水量处理，且有０．０１显著差异。绿豆老化温度亦以４０℃较好，种子含水量老化结合谷子和绿豆均以５．８％处理效果最好，二种作物经     

灵芝发酵产物对感染PCV-2病毒断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响

本研究以深层发酵灵芝为原料,评估灵芝发酵产物对感染猪圆环病毒-2(PCV-2)断奶仔猪生长发育及免疫功能的影响。试验1:选择160头21 d断奶的仔猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪。各组分别在基础日粮中添加0、50、100和150 mg/kg灵芝发酵产物。试验2:将120头21 d断奶的仔猪随机分为2组(4个重复,每个重复15头),分别饲喂基础日粮和基础日粮+50 mg/kg的灵芝发酵产物。两组仔猪在试验当天通过肌肉注射105/mL感染剂量的PCV-2病毒。结果:日粮添加50 mg/kg灵芝发酵产物2周和4周后显著改善了平均日增重(P<0.05),在第4周时150 mg/kg较50 mg/kg灵芝发酵产物组显著降低了平均日增重(P<0.05)。150 mg/kg灵芝发酵产物组平均日采食量较其他组显著降低了8.11%、6.85%和8.11%(P<0.05),日粮添加50 mg/kg灵芝发酵产物显著改善了断奶仔猪的料重比(P<0.05)。日粮添加50~150 mg/kg灵芝发酵产物可显著提高肺泡巨噬细胞的趋化性指数(P<0.05),同时对照组显著提高了28 d伪狂犬病抗体滴度(P<0.05),显著降低了血清葡萄糖水平(P<0.05)。灵芝发酵产物日粮组较对照组显著提高了IL-2、INF-γ和TNF-α相对强度(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加50 mg/kg灵芝发酵产物可以显著改善断奶仔猪生长性能,在接种伪狂犬病疫苗时可提高肺泡巨噬细胞的趋化能力和抗体滴度。